Saturday, September 28, 2013

What is Social Organization?



Ø      Social Organization
“An organization means technical arrangement of parts. Social organization means social relationship among groups. Individuals and groups interrelated together create social organization.”  JJ Macionis

Formal Organization
“Formal Organization or secondary groups that are organized to achieve their goals efficiently.” JJ Macionis

Types of Formal Organization
1.      Normative Organization/ Voluntary associations
2.      Coercive Organization
3.      Utilitarian Organization
Origins of Formal Organizations
Bureaucracy (Weber’s Rational Social Organization)
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
1.      Specialization
2.      Hierarchy of offices
3.      Rules and regulations
4.      Technical Competence
5.      Impersonality
6.      Formal, written communication
The informal side of Bureaucracy
Problems of Bureaucracy
1.      Bureaucratic Alienation
2.      Bureaucratic Inefficiency and Ritualism
3.      Bureaucratic Inertia
4.      Oligarchy

What is Community?



Ø      Community
“Community is a social group with some degree of “we feeling” and living in a given area.” Bargardus
“The smallest testimonial group that can embrace all aspect of social life called sommunity.” Kingsley Davis
Nature and Characteristics of Community
1.      A group of people living together in an area fulfilling their needs by mutual cooperation.
2.      A group of people having a sense of belonging to place of residence create a sentiment of community.
3.      Community is a group of people having a common culture
Types of Communities
1.      Rural Community
Characteristics of Rural Community
                                                                                  I.      Small population
                                                                               II.      Lack in administrative organization
                                                                             III.      Lack of modern facilities
                                                                            IV.      Absence of big social institutions
                                                                               V.      Agrarian in nature
                                                                            VI.      Scattered housing pattern
                                                                          VII.      Equal division of labor
                                                                       VIII.      Informal interaction
                                                                            IX.      Slow interaction and social change
                                                                               X.      Celebration of events
                                                                            XI.      Homogeneity
                                                                          XII.      Traditional recreations
                                                                       XIII.      Endogamy
2.      Urban Community
Characteristics of Urban community
                                                                                  I.      Large population with administrative organization
                                                                               II.      Presence of modern facilities
                                                                             III.      Modern recreation
                                                                            IV.      Expanding Social institutions
                                                                               V.      Division of labor and specialization
                                                                            VI.      Heterogeneity
                                                                          VII.      Fast interaction
                                                                       VIII.      Changing behavior pattern
                                                                            IX.      Rapid social change
                                                                               X.      Frequent social mobility
                                                                            XI.      Least importance of caste
                                                                          XII.      Religious belief as a part of social life
                                                                       XIII.      Anonymity
                                                                       XIV.      Exogamy
Difference between Rural and Urban Communities
                                                                                  I.      Division of labor
                                                                               II.      Density of population
                                                                             III.      Nature of relations
                                                                            IV.      Environment
                                                                               V.      Social Mobility
                                                                            VI.      Social Stratification
                                                                          VII.      Size of population
                                                                       VIII.      Social differentiation
                                                                            IX.      Social interaction
                                                                               X.      Solidarity

What is Social Groups?



Ø      Social Groups (Social Interaction is the basic condition)
“A Social Group is two or more people who identify and interact with one another.” J.J Macionis
A.W Green “An Aggregate of individuals which persists in time, which has one or more interests or activities in common and which is organized.”
                        Basis of Social Group  
Importance of Social Groups
            It is basic factor in all social functions, social structures, and social                                  institution, system and organizations.
            Important in human life and must for the continuity of human race.
            Need fulfillments
Group life among Animals
Types of Social Group
1.      Primary Group
2.      Secondary group
3.      In-group and out-group (W.G Sumner.)
4.      Formal and Informal Group
5.      Reference Group(serve as a point of comparison)
6.      Ethnic Group
7.      Caste
8.      Pressure Group
9.      Vested Interest Group
10.  Club
11.  Voluntary Associations

1.      Primary Group
Charles Horton Cooley, “A primary group is a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships.
Characteristics of Primary Group
                                                                                I.      Face-to-face interaction
                                                                             II.      Intimacy
                                                                           III.      Mutual Aid and help
                                                                          IV.      Consciousness of kind
                                                                             V.      We-Feeling
                                                                          VI.      Small in size
                                                                        VII.      Physical proximity or nearness
                                                                     VIII.      Frequent interaction
                                                                          IX.      Personal relation
                                                                             X.      Similarity of background
2.      Secondary Group
“Secondary groups is large and impersonal group whose members pursue a specific goral or activity.”
Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Groups which provide experience lacking in intimacy can be called secondary group.”
Characteristic of Secondary Group
                                                                                  I.      Large in size
                                                                               II.      Less physical proximity
                                                                             III.      Impersonal or secondary relation
                                                                            IV.      Membership
                                                                               V.      Specific ends or interests
                                                                            VI.      Indirect communication
                                                                          VII.      Social Control

What is Social Interaction? What is Social Status? What is Social Role?



Ø      Social Interaction
Social Interaction is defined as “it is a process by which men inter-penetrate the mind of each other.” – Dawson and Gettyes
Merrill; “Social interaction is the general process whereby two or more persons are in a meaningful contact, as a result of which their behavior is modified however slightly.”
Corkiness; “Social interaction is such a process which influences the overt behavior or state of mind of the individuals.”
“Social interaction is the process by which people act and react in relation to others. – J.J Macionis

Elements of Social Interaction
1.      Two or more than two persons.
2.      Reciprocal relationship among them.
3.      Influence on the event, behavior, brain of the persons.
These three conditions interrelate the people among themselves and convert them into social groups.

Types of Social Interaction (Young and Mack)
1.      Direct or Physical Interaction
2.      Symbolic Interaction
Forms of Social Interaction
1.      Between individual and individual
2.      Between Individual and Group
3.      Between Group and Group
4.      Between Individual and Culture
Measurement of Social Interaction
1.      Frequency
2.      Duration
3.      Intensity
4.      Focus
Difference between Social Action and Social Interaction

Ø      Social Status
Horton and Hunt: Status is defined as “the rank or position of a person in a group, or of a group in relation to other groups.”
Status is a social position a person holds.” JJ Macionis
In everyday use the word status generally means “prestige” as when we say that a collage president has a more “status” than a newly hired assistant professor. But sociologically speaking, both “president” and “professor” are statuses within collegiate organization.
Status is part of our social identity and helps define our relationship to others. As George Simmel (1950, org.1902), one of the founders of sociology, once pointed out, before we can deal with anyone, we need to know who the person is.
v     Status Set: “Each of us holds many statuses at once. The term status set refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time.”
v     Master Status: “Some statuses matter more than others. A master status is a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping persons entire life.”

Types of Status (classification on how people attain status)
v     Ascribed Status (we have little or no choice)
“An Ascribed status is a social position a person receives at birth or takes on voluntarily later in life.”
Determinants of Ascribed Status
a)      Ancestry
b)      Sex
c)      Caste
d)      Age
v     Achieved Status
“An achieved status refers to a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort.”
                                        Determinants of Achieved Status
a)      Economic Resources
b)      Occupation
c)      Education
d)      Power
Ø      Social Role
“A role is the function of a status.”  Young and Mack
A social role is the expected behaviour associated with a social position.”
A second important social structure is social role, behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. A person holds a status and performs a role.
v     Role Set: “Robert Merton (1968) introduced the term role set to identify a number of roles attached to a single status.”
Status: Professor; Roles: the Teacher role , colleague role
v     Role Conflict: as a conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses.
v     Role Strain: refers to tension among the roles connected to a single status.
v     Role Exit: The process by which people disengage from important social roles. Ex-president, ex-captain etc…
v     Ascribed and Achieved Roles
v     Relationship of Status and Role
v     Social Action, Status and Role
v     Social System and Role-Status
One strategy for minimizing role conflict is separating parts of our lives so that we perform roles for one status at one time and place and carry out roles connected to another status in a completely different setting.
Role Conflict
            Causes of Role Conflict
1.      Extra busy life
2.      Incomplete or Weak Socialization
3.      New Social Values
4.      Material Desire
5.      Violation of religious values
Consequences of Role Conflict
1.      Tension and worry
2.      Poor decision performance
3.      Sleeplessness
4.      Short temperament
5.      Health
6.      Neurosis
7.      Social Problems
Solution of Role Conflict
1.      Simple life
2.      Socialization
3.      Training of role performance
4.      Division of Labor
5.      Social Planning

What is Social Mobility?



Ø      Social Mobility
According to Fairchild, “Social Mobility is a movement from one condition to another.”
Bredemeyer and Stephensen say “Social mobility is moving of an individual or group of people from one status to another.”
Horon and Hunt “Social mobility may be defined as the act of moving from one social class to another.”

Types of Social Mobility
1.      Territorial Mobility(residence from one place to another)
2.      Vertical Mobility(Exchange mobility)
a)      Upward Mobility
b)      Downward Mobility
3.      Horizontal Mobility(From peon to Gardner)
4.      Inter-generational Mobility(takes place between generations)
5.      Intra-generational Mobility(takes place in same generation)
6.      Structural Mobility
Individual and Group Mobility
Direction of Social Mobility
Causes of Social Mobility(From Taga)
1.      Dissatisfaction from Previous Condition
2.      Adoption of new Condition
3.      Industrial and Technological Development
4.      Education
5.      Urbanization
6.      Means of Communication and Transportation
If desirable social statuses are actually available to all who make an effort to reach them, there will probably be little agitation for absolute social inquilty.
Mobility Determinants(From H.Hunt)
1.      Structural Factors
                                                                                I.      Occupational Structure
                                                                             II.      Differential Fertility
                                                                           III.      Dual Economy
                                                                          IV.      Mobility Aids and barriers
2.      Individual Factors
                                                                                I.      Ability Differences
                                                                             II.      Mobility Oriented behavior
a)      Education
b)      Work Habits
c)      Deferred-Gratification Pattern
d)      Mobility “Game Playing”
e)      The value –stretch Hypothesis
                                                                           III.      The luck factor
What about Povety?
                                    Overcoming Handicaps
                                    Transfer Payments
                        Mobility or Equality