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Culture
Herskovits defined culture as “man-made
part of environment.”
Linton “The culture is social heredity
which is transmitted from, one generation to other with the accumulation of
individual experiences.”
“Culture is the values, beliefs, behaviour,
and material objects that together forms a people’s way of life.” JJ Macionis “Culture is both our link
to the past and our guide to the future.”
Psychological point of view hold
“learned portion of human behaviour” is culture.
“From their life experiences, people
develop a set of rules and procedures for meeting their needs. The set of rules
ad procedures, together with a supporting set of ideas and values, is called a Culture.”
“Culture is everything which is
socially learned and shared by the members of a society.”
Culture
Shock: Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
Characteristics
of Culture
1.
Culture is learnt
2.
Culture is social
3.
Culture is Shared
4.
Culture is Transmissive
5.
Culture is Continuous and Cumulative
6.
Culture is Consistent and Integrated
7.
Culture is Dynamic and Adaptive
8.
Culture is Gratifying
9.
Culture varies from Society to Society
10. Culture
is Superorganic and Ideational
Elements of
Culture(Symbols, language, norms, values, and beliefs)
1.
Norms
According to Young and Mack “Norms refer to the
group shared expectations.”
“Rules and
expectations by which a society guides the behaviour of its members.” JJ Macionis
Characteristics
of Social Norms
1.
Social Norms are universal
2.
Norms are related to the factual order
3.
Norms incorporate value judgments
4.
Norms are relative to situations and groups
5.
Norms are not always obeyed by all
6.
Norms vary with sanctions
7.
Norms are normally internalized by the people
Aspects of Norms
1.
Cultural Norms (are ideally expected manners of
behaviour.)
2.
Social Norms (Social norms are the socially approved
ways of behaviour)
Functions
of Social Norms
1.
Control Behaviour
2.
Making behaviour systematic and patterned
3.
Safeguard of our values
4.
Norms maintains social order of society
5.
Social norms create social cohesions and social solidarity
6.
Social norms helps in self-control
7.
Social norms assists society for its survival
Types of
Social Norms
1.
Folkways
Sumner holds “the folkways are not
creation of human purpose and will. They are products of natural forces which
men unconsciously set in operation.”
Gillin and Gillin say that “Folkways are behaviour patterns of everyday life
which generally arise unconsciously in a group.”
Nature of
Folkways
I.
Social in nature
II.
Repetitive in Character
III.
Unplanned Origin
IV.
Informal Enforcement
V.
Folkways Differ a lot
VI.
Folkways are Numerous
VII.
Folkways are subject to change
Violation
of folkways
2.
Mores
According to R.M Maclver and C.H. Page, “When the folkways have added to them conceptions of
group welfare, standards of right and wrong, they are converted into mores.”
Types of Mores
I.
Positive mores
II.
Negative mores
Nature and
Characteristics of Mores
I.
Mores are the regulators of our social life
II.
Mores are relatively more persistent
III.
Mores vary from group to group
IV.
Mores are backed by Values and Religion
Violation of
Mores
3.
Law
Law is an
engine of social control. It is the formal social norm.
Violation
of Law
2.
Values
“Values are
general standards and may be regarded as higher order norms.” – H.M Johnson
M.Haralambos “A value is a belief that
something is good and worthwhile. It defines what is worth having and worth
striving for.”
Functions
of Values
Values and
Norms
Types of
Values
1.
Cultural Values
2.
Social Values
3.
Beliefs
“Specific
statements that people hold to be true.”
Types of
Culture
1.
Real Culture
2.
Ideal Culture
3.
Material Culture
4.
Non-Material Culture
5.
High Culture(A cultural pattern that distinguish
society’s elite)
6.
Popular Culture(Patterns that are widely spread among
population)
Functions of
Culture
1.
Culture is the Treasury of Knowledge
2.
Culture defines Situations
3.
Culture Defines Attitudes, Values and Goals
4.
Culture decides our career
5.
Culture provides bahaviour patter
6.
Culture Moulds personality
Organization
of Culture
1.
Cultural Pattern
2.
Cultural Trait
3.
Cultural Complex
4.
Cultural Area
Other related
concepts
1.
Cultural Universals
2.
Cultural Specialties
3.
Cultural Alternatives
4.
Core Culture
Sub-Culture(regional,
rural, urban, ethnic subcultures)
Cultural
Uniformities
1.
Family Life
2.
Marriage
3.
Inheritance
4.
Language
5.
Housing
6.
Clothes and Utensils
7.
Education
8.
Economic System
9.
Profession
10. Political
System
11. Religious
Beliefs and Practices
12. Normative
Order
Cultural
Variabilities
1.
Types of family
2.
Types of Marriage
3.
Customs of Marriage
4.
Cultural Values
5.
Religious Attitudes
6.
Different Political Systems
7.
Law of Inheritance
8.
Settlement
9.
Types of Language
10. Styles
of Dress
11. Modes
of Cultivation
12. Systems
of Education
Causes of
Cultural Variabilities and Similarities
Some Cultural
Relationships
1.
Culture and Physical Environment
2.
Cultural Relativism
3.
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
and Personality
Positive
Effects of Ethnocentrism
1.
Encourages Social Solidarity
2.
Creates sense of security within group(protection of
members)
3.
Promotes Nationalism and Patriotism
4.
Promotes Caste and Biradri relations
5.
Group Conformity
Negative
Effects of Ethnocentrism
1.
Creates Prejudices within societies
2.
Hampers cooperation
3.
Discourage change and curbs individual freedom
4.
National development is slowed down
4.
Technology and Culture
5.
Language and Culture
6.
Society and Culture
7.
The Marginal Man
8.
Cultural Refuge
9.
Cultural Lag
Cultural Integration (The close relationship among
various elements of a cultural system.)
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